Canada goldenrod is a member of the goldenrod, solidago, family that includes 100 to 120 known species of plants. The many goldenrod species can be difficult to distinguish, due to their similar bright, golden yellow flower heads that bloom from July until September. Canada goldenrod, along with other species in this family, is often unfairly blamed for causing hay fever in humans. The pollen causing these allergy problems is mainly produced by ragweed which blooms at the same time as the goldenrod. However; Goldenrod is pollinated by insects and ragweed is pollinated by the wind. Goldenrods are, in some places, held as a sign of good luck or good fortune. They are considered weeds by many in North America but they are prized as garden plants in Europe, where British gardeners adopted goldenrod long before Americans did as garden subjects. Goldenrod species are used as a food source by the larvae of many Lepidoptera species. The invading larva may induce the plant to form a bulbous tissue mass called a gall around it, upon which the larva then feeds. Various parasitoid wasps find these galls and lay eggs in the larvae, penetrating the bulb with their ovipositors. Woodpeckers are known to peck open the galls and eat the insects in the centre. In eastern and southeastern China, particularly the provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Shanghai, its invasion has reached pandemic levels and has caused widespread concern. It has been reported that the invasion of the Canada Golden-rod along with other invasive plants, has caused the extinction of 30 native plants in Shanghai.In the city of Ningbo, Zhejiang, it has reduced local orange harvests. Canada goldenrod is still spreading across China, and sightings have been reported in as far as Yunnan province. Various national and provincial authorities have been on high alert. In Fukushima Japan, Canada goldenrod has taken over the rice fields that have been temporarily abandoned because of the nuclear power plant disaster.

Goldenrod can be used as a source of rubber. However; the rubber lacks tensile strength. Commercially goldenrod tea can be found in many health stores.

Within the realm of rational and holistic medicine, members of the solidago family have been used in a traditional kidney tonic by practitioners of herbal medicine to counter inflammation and irritation caused of bacterial infections or kidney stones. Goldenrod has also been used as part of a tincture to aid in the cleansing of the kidney or bladder during a healing fast, in conjunction with potassium broth and specific juices. Native Americans chewed the leaves to relieve sore throats and chewed the roots to relieve toothaches.

Please note that MIROFOSS does not suggest in any way that plants should be used in place of proper medical and psychological care. This information is provided here as a reference only.

Canada goldenrod is considered edible. Native Americans used the seeds of some species for food. Teas are sometimes made with goldenrod. Honey from goldenrods often is dark and strong due to admixtures of other nectars.

Goldenrod is typically found in meadows, pastures, lightly forested woodlands, and untouched cultivated lands throughout North America. There are few species that are native to South America and Eurasia. Goldenrod, although natural, is considered to be a weed by many gardeners. Early goldenrod thrives in full to partial sun, and mesic to slightly dry conditions. Moist conditions are tolerated, if the soil is reasonably well-drained. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils.

Soil Conditions
Soil Moisture
Sunlight
Notes:

Canada goldenrod is un branched and grows up to 200cm tall. The central stem is slightly ridged, hairless, and green. The alternate lanceolate leaves are up to 20cm long and 3cm across, becoming much smaller as they ascend up the stem. The margins are entire (smooth) or slightly serrated. Sometimes there are tiny hairs along the margins, otherwise the leaves are hairless. The Inflorescence is a broad, or occasionally narrow, pyramidal panicle 5cm to 40cm high and nearly as wide, with several to many horizontal branches, the upper sides of which carry numerous, densely-crowded small heads of golden yellow flowers; each individual flower head about 3mm long and wide. The flowers of Canada goldenrod may have a mild fragrance. The blooming period occurs during mid to late summer, and lasts about 1 to 2 months. Later, the achenes develop with small tufts of hair, which are dispersed by wind. The root system consists of a short caudex (on old plants), which may produce rhizomes and vegetative offshoots.

Plant Height	60cm to 200cm
Habitat	Fields, Roadsides, Waste places
Leaves	Lanceolate
Leaf Margin	Entire
Leaf Venation	Longitudinal
Stems	Smooth Stems
Flowering Season	August to October
Flower Type	Elongated clusters of bell shaped florets
Flower Colour	Yellow
Pollination	Bees, Insects
Flower Gender	Flowers are hermaphrodite and the plants are self-fertile
Fruit	Tufted Seeds
USDA Zone	3A (-37.3°C to -39.9°C) cold weather limit

No known health risks have been associated with Canada goldenrod. However ingestion of naturally occurring plants without proper identification is not recommended.

-Click here- or on the thumbnail image to see an artist rendering, from The United States Department of Agriculture, of Canada goldenrod. (This image will open in a new browser tab)

-Click here- or on the thumbnail image to see a magnified view, from The United States Department of Agriculture, of the seeds created by Canada goldenrod for propagation. (This image will open in a new browser tab)

Canada goldenrod can be referenced in certain current and historical texts under the following two names:

Canadian Goldenrod

Rock Goldenrod

Canada Goldenrod can be translated into the following select languages:

Arabic	غولدينرود	Bulgarian	златна	Chinese (Sim)	黄花
Croatian		Czech	zlatobýl	Danish	Gyldenris
Dutch	guldenroede	Esperanto		Estonian	kuldvits
Finnish		French	verge d'or	German	Goldrute
Greek	χρυσόβεργα	Hebrew	שבט זהב	Hungarian	aranyvessző
Italian	verga d'oro	Japanese	アキノキリンソウ	Korean	조색
Low Saxon		Lithuanian		Norwegian	oker
Persian	طلا	Polish	nawłoć	Portuguese
Romanian	splinuta	Russian	золотарник	Slovak	zlatobyľ
Spanish	vara de oro	Swedish	gullris	Tagalog
Turkish	altın başak	Ukrainian	золотушник	Vietnamese

The information provided in this conservation assessment has been provided by the Natureserve Database in conjunction with various federal, provincial, state, county, district, regional, and municipal governments as well as public and private conservation authorities. Information in this section is accurate from the last time this article was updated.
	Canada goldenrod is a secure native species in North America.

The MIROFOSS database offers free printable garden tags for personal and non-profit use. These tags can be used to properly identify plant samples in a garden. Click on the tags shown on the the screen or -click here- to download a full size jpeg image for a Canada goldenrod identification tag; which can be printed on paper or used with a plastic laser printer.

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Description / Application	Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2001). Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World: Fra-Igu. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 632–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7199-8.
Description	Solidago. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Folklore	Goldenrod. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Guide. University of Maryland Medical Center.
Biology	Dickinson, R.; Royer, F.; (2014) Plants of Southern Ontario. ISBN 978-1-55105-906-8.
Biology	elitto, L.; Schacht, W. (1995). Hardy Herbaceous Perennials: A-K ; Vol. 2, L-Z. Timber Press. p. 629. ISBN 978-0-88192-159-5.
Image Rendering	USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. Wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Environment	National Audubon Society. Field Guide To Wildflowers (Eastern Region): Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40232-2
Physical Identification	National Audubon Society. Field Guide To Wildflowers (Eastern Region): Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40232-2
June 13, 2015	The last time this page was updated
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